Background To Articulation In The Performance Practice Of Bach' Era Essay

Background To Articulation In The Performance Practice Of Bach' Era - Essay Example D. The 'cantabile' style; Bach's enticement, almost persistence, on arriving at a 'cantabile' manner of playing of the collected works both striking and imperative for indicating how Bach himself wished these pieces to be realized auditorily. In luminosity of the serious difficulties facing musicologists employing stylistic examination of ancient music (as opposed to very successful structural analysis), it makes common sense to re-claim the term "style" to pass on to the manner in which works are realized by the musician in performance and to merge it with an aesthetic consideration for what may be termed "stylistically informed performance practice". By and large speaking, aside from JS Bach's keyboard pieces in the French style, his objectives for the auditory realization of his mid-period works on stringed clavier instruments were likely to be in the polished, cosmopolitan (Italian) cantabile style of the time, a style which is well predictable and taught by the music aestheticia n J.J. Quantz in his treatise on playing the flute. E. Rhetoric and the relationship between composer and performer; rhetoric was an elementary material of education and humanist and considered to be the only way of teaching expressions and grammatical both. There were periods in the times gone by of music in which the rhetorical standard, as expressed by Bach, had a comprehensive connotation in terms of music and more importantly for instrumental music; a fact well-known to musicologists these days by way of the theoretical primary sources available. On the other hand, modern-day practitioners, particularly instrumentalists, are not fully aware of the far-reaching gravity of the rhetorical principle and its submission to an important part of the repertoire. The relationship between speech and music, as well as rhetoric and music without a doubt illustrates that both come about over time and are received by the ear. This implies a further commonality between speech and music: both consist of continuous alterations of their elements ( pitch and utterance, respectively), which are syntactically organized. In other expressions, both are systems bottom on symbols that even share common secondary semantic content: repetition, accent, caesura, articulation, range, contrast, extension, dynamics, rhythm, and not lastly the dependence on presentation. F. "Figurae"; Pritz defined two types of figurae that can be used by the singers or at least they should be aware of that; he defines two types of Figurae; one is Simple and other one is compound. Marpurg defines the importance of figurae in such a manner that they should be the part of a rhetoric music. G. "Of itinerary", the separating line between the two camps is rather unclear, since many solemn musicians put a lot of thought into how they play, and often research the chronological background and practices of the works they perform. And scholars inquire about more than mere theoretical correctness in performances. H. This line has become predominantly unclear with the emergence of the Early Music movement, which Modern performers eye with subterranean interest, misgiving, and even a little

Accounting Environment Essay Example for Free

Accounting Environment Essay Learning Outcomes At the end of this chapter the students should be able to: ?Explain the meaning and purpose of accounting ?Describe the role of accounting as a information system ? Describe why accounting is considered as the language of business ? Assess the impact of external environmental factors on accounting Introduction Accounting has evolved and emerged as most other fields of human activity in response to the social and economic needs of society. Today accounting is moving away from its traditional procedural base, encompassing record keeping and related activities towards the adoption of a role which emphasizes its social importance. In this context, this introductory chapter of the course manual deals with the definition of accounting, use of accounting as an information system and the language of business, users of accounting information and the impact of external environment on accounting. Definition of Accounting The question what is meant by accounting has not been answered precisely. Instead there are many definitions on accounting. Some of these definitions are considered in this section to identify the purpose and functions of accounting. The Committee on Terminology of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) formulated the following definition on accounting in 1941. Accounting is the art of recording, classifying and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are, in part at least, of a financial character, and interpreting the results thereof. This definition of AICPA, USA has been quoted for many years. However, it defines accounting only from the point of view of what it does. Hence, it does not clearly establish the purpose of accounting. On the other hand, the following definition provided by the American Accounting Association (AAA) in 1961 emphasizes the broader perspective of accounting. This definition focuses on accounting as an aid to decision-making. Accounting is the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgements and decisions by users of the information. In 1970, AICPA of USA provided the following definition on accounting with reference to the concept of information. The term ‘quantitative information’ used in this definition is wider in scope than financial or economic information used in previous definitions. Accounting is a service activity. Its function is to provide quantitative information primarily financial in nature about economic activities that is intended to be useful in making economic decisions. Both definitions of AAA and AICPA show that accounting is considered not merely with record keeping. Instead it involves with a whole range of activities. These two definitions emphasize on using accounting information for decision making purposes. Both internal parties of an organization (e. g. managers) and outside parties (e. g. owners, creditors, government) use accounting information in making decisions that affect the organization. Although these definitions have looked at accounting from different perspectives, they have been able to set the boundary of accounting. They have established the nature of accounting and the purpose for which it is used. Hence, based on these definitions, it can be said that accounting is primarily concerned with the provision of information to various stakeholders of an organization to be used in decision making. Accounting as an Information System AAA definition on accounting implies two phases: (1) identifying and measuring economic information and (2) communicating economic information to users (stakeholders of an organisation) for decision making purposes. These two phases show that accounting acts as an information system in an organisation. The accounting process involves recoding and processing of transactions and events of an entity that had occurred during a specific period of time, and communicating the information relevant to processed transactions and events to aid decision-making of various users of accounting information. As an information system, accounting links an information source or transmitter (preparer/s of information), a channel of communication (financial and other statements/reports) and a set of receivers (users of information/stakeholders of an organization). The Figure 1 shows how accounting functions as an information system in business and economic decisions. In the accounting system, transactions and events are the input and the statements of reports given to decision-makers are the output. Figure 1 Accounting as an Information System in Business and Economic Decisions Data Source: Lal, J. (2005), Corporate Financial Reporting: Theory and Practice, second edition, Taxmann Allied Services (Pvt) Ltd, New Delhi. Accounting as the Language of Business Accounting is often called the language of business because it is considered as the main mean of communicating information about a business. This reference to accounting as the language of business is observed by Ijiri (1975) as follows: As the language of business, accounting has many things in common with other languages. The various business activities of a firm are reported in accounting statements using accounting language, just as reported news events are reported in newspapers, in the English Language. To express an event in accounting or in English we must follow certain rules. Without following certain rules diligently, not only does one run the risk of being misunderstood but also risks a penalty for misinterpretation, lying or perjury. Comparability of statements is essential to the effective functioning of a language whether it is in English or in Accounting. At the same time, language has to be flexible to adapt to a changing environment. A language broadly has two components: symbols and rules. In accounting too, these two components are available. In accounting, numerals and words, and debits and credits are accepted symbols and they are unique to the accounting discipline. The rules in accounting refer to the general set of procedures followed in creating financial information for an entity. Anthony and Reece (1991) draw a parallel between accounting and language as follows. Accounting resembles a language in that some of its rules are definite whereas others are not. Accountants differ as to how a given event should be reported, just as grammarians differ as to many matters of sentence structure, punctuation and choice of words. Nevertheless, just as many practices are clearly poor English (language), many practices are definitely poor accounting. Languages evolve and change in response to the changing needs of society, and so does accounting. Users of Accounting Information There is an array of users (or stakeholders) who make use of accounting information for decision making. These user groups include present and otential investors, managers, employees, lenders, suppliers, customers, analysts, media, government, and the general public. However, with the broadening of the accountability of organizations, they are accountable to a large group of stakeholders, some of them not clearly known or identified by the organizations. These users can be broadly categorized as internal and external users of accounting information. The term ‘internal u sers’ refers to parties within an organization that make decisions directly affecting its internal operations and this category usually includes managers and employees of an entity. All other users can be grouped under the term ‘external users’, which refer to parties outside the organization that make decisions concerning their relationship to the organization. These two major classifications of users have led to a distinction between two main areas of accounting: financial accounting and management accounting. The primary concern of financial accounting is to provide information to external user groups. On the other hand, the management accounting is primarily concerned with the provision of information to internal user groups. These users have diverse information needs. However, among these diverse needs too, there are common information needs. The financial statements of an entity that provide information about its financial performance, financial position, and changes in financial position address these information needs common to all users. As these financial statements are prepared to meet the information needs of a cross-section of users, they are known as common-purpose (general-purpose) financial statements. However, these financial statements do not provide all the information that users need to make decisions since they largely portray the financial effects of past transactions and events. The responsibility to prepare and present financial statements lies with the management of an entity. As general-purpose financial statements meet the information needs of users who are unable to command the preparation of financial reports of an entity, the government has imposed regulations to govern these financial statements. These regulations are intended to protect the public interest. External Environmental Factors influencing Accounting The pace and change in external environmental factors have a profound influence on business organizations and the way in which they are managed. These factors could be social, economic, political, legal or technological. Accounting, as the language of business and its information system is also affected by these changes. The changing conditions in the external environment have confronted accounting with a number of challenges that should be recognized, accepted and addressed to ensure its relevance and usefulness. This has made accounting to change and grow over the years to meet social requirements and to guide business and industry requirements. Thus, understanding accounting requires understanding the environment within which accounting operates and which it is intended to reflect. The society has been subjected to political, social, economic and technological change. These changes have resulted in globalization, the rise of informed and selective customers, the development of information technology and etc. These changes in the external environment factors are reflected in business organizations through the shift in business types and cost profiles, increase in strategic decision making and greater emphasis on survival. The changing conditions within business organizations lead accounting to change in order to meet the new requirements resulted from these changes. The areas requiring changes in accounting include selection of data, information processing, dissemination of information, role of accounting standards, assumptions and perspectives of accounting, and uses and impact of accounting information. Thus, today’s rapidly changing environment is forcing accounting to reassess its role and function both within the organization and society. Although challenges imposed by different environmental factors on accounting could be discussed separately, they should be viewed from a holistic perspective. This is because the power of potential improvement lies in the cohesion of the changes rather than in individual items. The changing conditions in the business environment will shape the future for accounting. The environment within which business and accounting function operate has become increasing complex. One of its characteristic features is that many social, economic, political, legal and technological influences that create continual change in that environment and these in turn impact on accounting and its product, accounting information. However, it is sometimes criticized that accounting has not been able to keep pace with this changing conditions in the external environment. Summary This chapter provides an overview of accounting based on its nature and purpose, users of accounting information and impact of external environment on accounting. The primary objective of accounting is to provide information that can be used by the stakeholders of an organization (users of accounting information) in making their decisions. These decisions could have a bearing on the resource allocation process in the country and thereby on the economic growth and development of the country. However, the role and functions of accounting cannot be considered in isolation from the social-political-economic context within which it is operating. The rapidly changing external environment is posing many challenges to accounting and it needs to adapt to these changing conditions. This requires a continual process of renewal and improvement in accounting. References American Accounting Association (1966), A Statement of Basic Accounting Theory, AAA. American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) (1941), Review and Resume, Accounting Terminology Bulletin, No. . American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) (1970), Basic Concepts and Accounting Principles underlying Financial Statements of Business Enterprises, Accounting Principles Board Statement No. 4, Anthony, R. N. and Reece, J. S. (1991), Accounting Principles, Richard D Irwin. Ijiri, Y. (1975), Theory of Accounting Measurement, Research Report, No. 10, AAA. Lal, J. (2005), Corporate Financial Report ing: Theory and Practice, second edition, Taxmann Allied Services (Pvt) Ltd, New Delhi.

Migration Plan from UNIX to Microsoft Server

Migration Plan from UNIX to Microsoft Server Data Migration is the process of transferring data between different storage types, servers or formats. It’s not just about copying data, but also about validating the data according to constraints and since different databases uses different data types, this step also include modifying the data as per the target server. One essential requirement is that the data migrated should verify the Business logic to run applications smoothly on target server. Migrating from one server to another can be a tricky situation. There are various challenges while migration of full data from UNIX server to Microsoft Server. First of all the user should completely understand the data sources and their proper formats. Usually, too many spreadsheets or excel files, or redundant data may affect proper migration. Wherever possible, instead of manual, automated systems should be used. Microsoft offers MAP (Microsoft Assessment and Planning) tool to identify the various constraints, or issues that might occur while migrating from UNIX platform to Microsoft server. Moreover, SSMA (SQL Server Migration Assistant) can further help in performing the migration. SSMA can create mapped schemas to UNIX server, which helps in easy migration of data. It is essential that the all applications like email, finance systems, personal records, CAD/CAM engineering facilities, production systems, Sales Marketing databases, Website etc. should run smoothly after migration. There are various underlying steps that need to be taken care of for easy and error-free migration, as explained below: Recognizing the pattern-Template Creation: To begin migration, first we’ll have to understand the schema of UNIX database. We’ll create a template consisting of master data key objects. The template has following two sections: Section 1: Key Data Fields: In the first section of the template user will provide the key values, such as storage objects material, address etc. Usually, in key field columns, drop-down lists are provided for accurate and easy entry of data. Section 2: Derived and Default Fields:Based on the key field values, various fields can be derived based on the Business translational logic. For example, using the production unit key field the template will determine the employee names working in it. For different production units, different employee names will be automatically derived by the template. The default fields like, â€Å"currency used† will be automatically updated. Process of Migration: The process of migration is summarized on the figure below: Figure-1 (Source: Ranga Rao Davala, Nikhil Singh, 2011, A Case Study on Data Migration Strategy, The Data Administration Newsletter, Robert Seiner Publishers.) Select Source:Due to various applications running on UNIX server, the data will be spread across many sources like different DBs, excel files or spreadsheets. In this step, user will identify the various data sources that are to be migrated. The selection of sources will be based upon the requirements in the project, according to which what data needs to be migrated can be identified. Data Fields Mapping:This is an essential step, where the schema or key fields from source system are mapped to target system. The field names in target schemas should be kept similar to source schema for easy mapping. This step is usually done manually for error-free mapping. Usually the different database servers will have different underlying data types. For example, Integer’s maximum and minimum limit in UNIX server is different from in SQL Server. The mapped data, therefore, should be transformed according to destination server data types. Data Transformation:This is where the template we created will come in picture. User will manually enter the key field values in the template and based on that all the derived and default field values will be generated automatically. Moreover, in this step, the user will transform the data based on the difference between data types of both servers. Validations and Constraints:This step is to ensure that the data entered in the template is accurate. The template will gray out the field which are entered wrong or doesn’t qualify the constraints, such as mandatory fields, null values etc. This step will help in minimizing errors and improving the quality of data. Extract Files:Once the data is entered into the template, the master data objects are extracted or generated. Load files:The load files are in text format, and they can be generated in single click by macro-enabled extract files system. This step ensures that data present in the text file is in exactly the same format as we require in the Microsoft system. Loading data in Microsoft Server:The data is loaded in batches. Since there are multiple applications running on UNIX system that are to be migrated, this step may take several hours to complete. Web server migration (FTP or HTTP Websites) Once we have completed the initial steps of creating a template and selecting the proper migration tools, we can begin full migration from UNIX to Microsoft server i.e. IIS. We must follow following steps: Assessment of hardware requirements and acquiring new hardware if required. We can begin migrating FTP or HTTP websites by copying their content to destination server. Next step is to replicate Web application files to destination. Migration of log files. Migration of Web server configuration settings. The last step is to create security settings and user permission and roles. DHCP/DNS Migration: The process of migrating UNIX server DHCP/DNS services to Microsoft Windows Server DHCP/DNS servers requires the following steps: Install Microsoft Windows Server DHCP/DNS Services Manually Configure Microsoft Windows Server DHCP/DNS Services Create Forward and Reverse Lookup Zones: Creating lookup zones will make sure that Microsoft server is authoritative for the DHCP/DNS names for local resources and forwards other queries to an ISP or performs recursive resolutions. Add secondary zones to Microsoft Windows Server DHCP/DNS for the existing zones that are hosted on UNIX based DHCP/DNS servers. In this step we’ll initiate zone transfers at the Microsoft Windows Server-based DHCP/DNS servers to transfer the zones from the UNIX servers. After the transfers are successful we will convert secondary zones into primary zones. In the last step, we’ll point client configurations to Microsoft Windows based DHCP/DNS Servers. Avoiding downtime while migrating: We can avoid the downtime while migration by reconfiguring our sites to connect to our new database remotely. Using this way, our users or visitors will be redirected to new site and all the updates will be saved to new server. This technique is, though, very complex, but it will minimize the downtime to a great extent. We can summarise this process in following steps: Transfer the files, DBs and important settings to the new server. Then we can test our site on the new server to check if it’s working as expected. After two steps are successfully completed, we will change the various database settings on our site, to make sure that the old server accesses the DB from the new server. Then we’ll modify the name servers and DNS and point them to the new server.

Does Credentialing Produce Effective Teachers? :: Education Educational Essays

Does Credentialing Produce Effective Teachers? Controversy regarding the relationship between the competence of teachers and the performance of their students causes some people to believe that the qualifications of teachers have no direct effect on their ability to teach efficiently. Others believe that poor student performance is directly caused by the teacher's lack of preparation. Thus the question: is teachers’ lack of preparation contributing to poor student performance on standardized achievement tests? This review contains information regarding teacher credentialing: what is a teacher credential, how is a multiple-subject credential obtained in California, emergency credentials, teacher credentialing is related to student performance, and teacher credentialing is not related to student performance. What is a teaching credential? Teacher credentialing is a process in which teachers become recognized by the state as competent and professional in teaching. There are many different types of credentials, a primary one being a multiple subject credential. According to Dr. Ruth Norton, a professor of education at Cal State San Bernardino, a multiple subject credential allows a teacher to teach all subjects in a self-contained classroom in grades K-12. In California, the multiple subject credential generally applies to grades K-6 because of the structure of the school systems; grades 7-12 generally emphasize single-subject credentials. How is a multiple subject credential obtained in California? In speaking with Jason Moore, an advisor at CSUSB PALS office, to obtain a multiple subject credential in California it is required to have a baccalaureate degree from a four-year university, passed the California Basic Educational Skills Test (CBEST) during their junior or senior year, and participate in a fifth year credential program. Currently, in the extended credential program, the Reading Instruction Competency Assessment (RICA) test is required and as of September 2000, the Math Instruction Competency Assessment (MICA) will also be required. It should be noted that California is the only state that requires the fifth year credential program. In addition, the state of California has a list of competencies of what every teacher should possess to be effective: creating and maintaining effective environments, planning instruction and designing a learning experience for all students, engaging and supporting all students in learning, understanding and organizing subject matter for student learning, assessing student learning, and developing as a professional educator. Emergency Credentials

Early Marriage for Young Girls: Cause and Effect Essay

Getting married before the age of eighteen would be a massive struggle for young girls. In several countries, young girls between the ages of seven and fifteen are frequently married to older men by force. During this marriage, girls countenance severe destitutions including the lack of education, emotional difficulty, and underprivileged social skills. The emotional and social effects of untimely marriages are diverse. The mainly common result is the extraction of young girls from formal education. When a girl gets to the age around ten, her parents have previously set a wedding for her and have taken her out of school to get ready the girl to be married and to have kids. At the age around ten a girl is not completely grown, nor is she sound educated. Education is one of the major losses to a girl if she is wedded immature. Taking a girl away from school to marry and to have children limits her opportunities to develop as an individual. (Lifanda, online) After getting married and having a child, a lot of times the girl will want to go back to school to further her education, but most schools will refuse to take in a girl if she is married or has a child. These girls that now have a family at a young age have to work to earn a living, but since they are denied an education, they are not qualified for most jobs that are available around them. Not only does a girl mislay her education, but she also experiences an emotional difficulty. From the point of birth, girls are prepared to believe that their only job in life is to get married and to have kids. Read more:Â  Essay on Child Marriage Being forced to marry someone can frequently create despondency in both the male and female. If they are unhappy with each other then the relationship can turn in to an abusive relationship, causing things to become worse. Sometimes a girl can not take the abuse any more from her husband so she ends up committing suicide or running away with her children. More regularly the girl will escapee and locate a distant relative to live with. When a girl runs away from her husband it brings shame upon the family and the family cuts the girl off from their lives. This leaves the girl alone even more than before. Girls that marry young are often estranged from society, leaving them unaccompanied in life with no friends. A girl’s social position is very low compared to a male’s social status for the reason that girls were never looked upon as something great. Girls for all time had to work harder and received less food than the males. (Lifanda, online) When a girl became ill, it was much harder for her to receive an immunization whereas a male gets sick and he receives an immunization almost immediately. These girls only have their husband and their children in their lives. A lot of times the husband is very abusive and is not a friend to the girl. Many girls die young from these premature relationships. Getting pregnant at a young age is also a problem for the girl because her body has not fully matured. Pregnancy is the leading cause of mortality in fifteen to nineteen year old girls worldwide. The lack of underprivileged social skills, education and the emotional misfortunes are all effects of before time marriage that escort to a poor life for an innocent child. In modern years families have comprehended that immature marriages are not fine for children. Numerous concern groups have tried to create new laws in countries so that the officially permitted age to get married is eighteen in order to save lives and generate an improved world for females. Works Cited Lifanda N. Kate, (January 10- February 4, 2005), Education and Training of Women and the Girl-Child, retrieved on November 23, 2006 from http://www. un. org/womenwatch/forums/review/Edu_Training_Women_Girl-child. pdf

Maoist China essays

Maoist China essays The Cultural Revolution is one of the biggest historical events in China. The history of this event is amazingly captured in the documentary the morning Sun. In 1964 the communist party celebrated its fifteenth birthday and the idea of a classless society was enacted. One main idea emphasized by the party was that the glorious life is the one dedicated to the cause and the feeling of pride and power through the youths of china. Everyone joined in fear of being left out; to be excluded was seen as to be left with no real purpose in life. The party used a specific western book to influence youths. It was dubbed into Chinese and was put into print it was The Gadfly. In the book it tells of a man who has looses his faith in god and follows the revolution of his country, this thus became an important book that the party used for their teachings. On October sixteenth the first Chinese atomic bomb was exploded, a feeling of pride swept the nation later they exploded a strong Atomic Bomb calling it their spirit bomb and using it for propaganda purposes. In 1958 the Mao and his party leadership made a great leap into classlessness society. Steel work, collective farms were built. In the summer of 1959 the excess was seen as success but by spring 1962 famine struck china. Mao took some blame for the wide spread famine but blamed it mostly on his advisors. By 1964 the revolution in the arts were expanding. The east is red represented a new proletarian art. Responsibilities were put on the youth to change the world . Ideas of revolutionary idealism and romance hit hard by the Gad Fly would change views. In November 1965 the Cultural Revolution was almost reaching it climax. By 1966 Mao used the excuse of insiders are trying to take down China thus a lot of people were blacklisted. Mao had complete power his thoughts and words were everything. The Red Guard was formed by a bunch of yout...

How to Solve Equations With Exponential Decay Functions

How to Solve Equations With Exponential Decay Functions Exponential functions tell the stories of explosive change. The two types of exponential functions are exponential growth and exponential decay. Four variables- percent change, time, the amount at the beginning of the time period, and the amount at the end of the time period- play roles in exponential functions. This article focuses on how to use an exponential decay function to find a, the amount at the beginning of the time period. Exponential Decay Exponential decay: the change that occurs when an original amount is reduced by a consistent rate over a period of time Heres an exponential decay function: y a(1-b)x y: Final amount remaining after the decay over a period of timea: The original amountx: TimeThe decay factor is (1-b).The variable, b, is percent decrease in decimal form. Purpose of Finding the Original Amount If you are reading this article, then you are probably ambitious. Six years from now, perhaps you want to pursue an undergraduate degree at Dream University. With a $120,000 price tag, Dream University evokes financial night terrors. After sleepless nights, you, Mom, and Dad meet with a financial planner. Your parents bloodshot eyes clear up when the planner reveals an investment with an 8% growth rate that can help your family reach the $120,000 target. Study hard. If you and your parents invest $75,620.36 today, then Dream University will become your reality. How to Solve for the Original Amount of an Exponential Function This function describes the exponential growth of the investment: 120,000 a(1 .08)6 120,000: Final amount remaining after 6 years.08: Yearly growth rate6: The number of years for the investment to growa: The initial amount that your family invested Hint: Thanks to the symmetric property of equality, 120,000 a(1 .08)6 is the same as a(1 .08)6 120,000. (Symmetric property of equality: If 10 5 15, then 15 10 5.) If you prefer to rewrite the equation with the constant, 120,000, on the right of the equation, then do so. a(1 .08)6 120,000 Granted, the equation doesnt look like a linear equation (6a $120,000), but its solvable. Stick with it! a(1 .08)6 120,000 Be careful: Do not solve this exponential equation by dividing 120,000 by 6. Its a tempting math no-no. 1. Use order of operations to simplify. a(1 .08)6 120,000a(1.08)6 120,000 (Parenthesis)a(1.586874323) 120,000 (Exponent) 2. Solve by dividing a(1.586874323) 120,000a(1.586874323)/(1.586874323) 120,000/(1.586874323)1a 75,620.35523a 75,620.35523 The original amount to invest is approximately $75,620.36. 3. Freeze -youre not done yet. Use order of operations to check your answer. 120,000 a(1 .08)6120,000 75,620.35523(1 .08)6120,000 75,620.35523(1.08)6 (Parenthesis)120,000 75,620.35523(1.586874323) (Exponent)120,000 120,000 (Multiplication) Answers and Explanations to the Questions Woodforest, Texas, a suburb of Houston, is determined to close the digital divide in its community. A few years ago, community leaders discovered that their citizens were computer illiterate: they did not have access to the Internet and were shut out of the information superhighway. The leaders established the World Wide Web on Wheels, a set of mobile computer stations. World Wide Web on Wheels has achieved its goal of only 100 computer illiterate citizens in Woodforest. Community leaders studied the monthly progress of the World Wide Web on Wheels. According to the data, the decline of computer illiterate citizens can be described by the following function: 100 a(1 - .12)10 1. How many people are computer illiterate 10 months after the inception of the World Wide Web on Wheels? 100 people Compare this function to the original exponential growth function: 100 a(1 - .12)10y a(1 b)x The variable, y, represents the number of computer illiterate people at the end of 10 months, so 100 people are still computer illiterate after the World Wide Web on Wheels began to work in the community. 2. Does this function represent exponential decay or exponential growth? This function represents exponential decay because a negative sign sits in front of the percent change, .12. 3. What is the monthly rate of change? 12% 4. How many people were computer illiterate 10 months ago, at the inception of the World Wide Web on Wheels? 359 people Use ​order of operations to simplify. 100 a(1 - .12)10 100 a(.88)10 (Parenthesis) 100 a(.278500976) (Exponent) Divide to solve. 100(.278500976) a(.278500976)/(.278500976) 359.0651689 1a 359.0651689 a Use order of operations to check your answer. 100 359.0651689(1 - .12)10 100 359.0651689(.88)10 (Parenthesis) 100 359.0651689(.278500976) (Exponent) 100 100 (Okay, 99.9999999†¦Its just a bit of a rounding error.) (Multiply) 5. If these trends continue, how many people will be computer illiterate 15 months after the inception of the World Wide Web on Wheels? 52 people Plug in what you know about the function. y 359.0651689(1 - .12) x y 359.0651689(1 - .12) 15 Use Order of Operations to find y. y 359.0651689(.88)15 (Parenthesis) y 359.0651689(.146973854) (Exponent) y 52.77319167 (Multiply)

Free Essays on Proverbs

Throughout life people encounter proverbs, which give them a sense of knowledge or enlightenment. Proverbs come from many different cultures and can take on many different angles. â€Å"Now is a great experience† is my personal favorite. I received it in a fortune cookie a few months ago. Sitting with my family after dinner, I wondered how it could be true when I had had such a bad day. Now, a few months later, when I think about it, the statement is so positive. I live my life everyday believing and agreeing that one endures many amazing things in life and should remember and acknowledge but not obsess with the great things that remain in the past and come in the future, because every moment is great and should be enjoyed to the fullest. Sometimes it takes an event of great magnitude for us to even think about living for today and not for the future. For Americans the most important incident that affected our lives and tested our strength was the tragedy of September 11, 2001. The unnecessary loss of life forced us to appreciate and value our everyday lives. It encouraged people to savor each moment of each day and to reevaluate their tomorrows. People began to make the most of each day and enjoyed themselves rather than waiting for someone else or the right moment to come along. Living for today is not always affected by an outside occurrence; sometimes it simply takes having a bad day to realize that there is more to life than dwelling on the negative. Despite what some people think, life is great and although we all have some bad days, in the end nothing should bring us down. We should all try to see the bright side of everything. It still exists although it may not always be visible on the surface. People should take pride in what they do and who they are and enjoy everything about themselves rather than being their own worst critic. There is no reason to judge themselves so harshly. Life is too short to spe... Free Essays on Proverbs Free Essays on Proverbs Throughout life people encounter proverbs, which give them a sense of knowledge or enlightenment. Proverbs come from many different cultures and can take on many different angles. â€Å"Now is a great experience† is my personal favorite. I received it in a fortune cookie a few months ago. Sitting with my family after dinner, I wondered how it could be true when I had had such a bad day. Now, a few months later, when I think about it, the statement is so positive. I live my life everyday believing and agreeing that one endures many amazing things in life and should remember and acknowledge but not obsess with the great things that remain in the past and come in the future, because every moment is great and should be enjoyed to the fullest. Sometimes it takes an event of great magnitude for us to even think about living for today and not for the future. For Americans the most important incident that affected our lives and tested our strength was the tragedy of September 11, 2001. The unnecessary loss of life forced us to appreciate and value our everyday lives. It encouraged people to savor each moment of each day and to reevaluate their tomorrows. People began to make the most of each day and enjoyed themselves rather than waiting for someone else or the right moment to come along. Living for today is not always affected by an outside occurrence; sometimes it simply takes having a bad day to realize that there is more to life than dwelling on the negative. Despite what some people think, life is great and although we all have some bad days, in the end nothing should bring us down. We should all try to see the bright side of everything. It still exists although it may not always be visible on the surface. People should take pride in what they do and who they are and enjoy everything about themselves rather than being their own worst critic. There is no reason to judge themselves so harshly. Life is too short to spe...

Events management law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Events management law - Essay Example The paper then touches on three fundamental legal issues that were bound to affect the organisres of the event. The issues touched on are contracts, sponsorship and health and safety laws. The law of contracts is looked into in light of the fact that these organisers must engage other parties in the planning and running the event. As a result, they must appreciate the importance of contracts and use the relevant laws to ensure they get what they deserve The laws of sponsorship are discussed with the knowledge that the Australian Parliament passed a bill to regulate ambush marketing in the course of the games. Besides, there are many other legal dimensions of sponsorship laws that the organisers need to understand, and these are covered quite well in the section. Finally, the report looks into the aspect of health and safety for the parties involved in the event. The value of understanding the various aspects of this field are looked into and carefully covered. It is after this that a list of recommendations is drawn to show the importance of legal counsel and empowerment to organisers of such events as this. The law is an expansive field that covers all or most aspects of life. The law is especially special in the business world since in this field, all stakeholders come with diverse personal interests. As a result a code to govern the operations of business ventures is fundamental to ensure smooth running and a reference for conflict resolution when necessary. In the world of business, events form a substantial fraction. In fact, a single major event easily affects a host of other businesses in tremendous ways. The fact that events are key and lucrative business ventures means that a lot of entrepreneurs will want to venture in this form of business. Consequently, a clearly defined legal system is fundamental to help regulate the business processes related to events. In this paper, The Commonwealth Games

Strategic Management and Finance Research Paper

Strategic Management and Finance - Research Paper Example 1,670,000 Net cash flow per year 690,000610,0001,350,0001,505,0001,670,000 Net Present Value: Present Cash Flows PV Factors Value Year 1 690,000 0.8929616,071 Year 2 610,000 0.7972486,288 Year 3 1,350,000 0.7118960,903 Year 4 1,505,000 0.6355956,455 Year 5 1,670,000 0.5674947,603 Salvage return 700,000 0.5674397,199 Total 4,364,519 Investment (10,000,000) Net Present Value (5,635,481) Payback Period: Net Remaining Cash Flow Investment Payback period is Longer than the project life of 5 years Investment 10,000,000 Year 1690,0009,310,000 Year 2 610,0008,700,000 Year 3 1,350,0007,350,000 Year 4 1,505,0005,845,000 Year 5 2,370,0003,475,000 Scheme 2 Net Cash Flow per Year Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Expected annual cash receipts from sales2,600,0002,800,0003,000,0003,200,0003,500,0003,500,000 Expected annual costs of new product Cash expenses 1,550,0001,620,0001,720,0001,810,0001,930,0002,060,000Depreciation expense 583,333583,333583,333583,333583,333583,333 Net income 466,667596,667696,667806,667986,667856,667 Net cash flow per year 466,667...The reduction in the inventory turnover resulted from the significant increase in the stocks. This increase might be a result of the company's hedging for foreseen price increases. The Board should accept Scheme 2. Based on NPV, it has a much lower negative NPV than Scheme 1. Moreover, it has a shorter payback period than Scheme 2, which according to the above calculations will never be able to pay back the company's 10,000,000 investment. PT Trada Maritimes debuted in the Indonesia Stock Exchange on September 2, 2008 (Trada Maritime 2008). Right after its debut, the stock price reached as high as 27 per cent of its IPO price. The company went public as a result of its additional capital requirements on its expansion plan for 2009. Trada Maritimes plans to spend as much as $315 million to purchase additional vessels over the next five years (Trada Maritime 2008). Globus Maritime Limited received the International IPO of the Year on February 1, 2008 at the Quoted Company Awards (Reuters 2008). Globus was first listed in the London Stock Exchange under its AIM index in June 2007 at an IPO price of 300 pence (www.timagenislaw.com; www.investegate.co.uk). Right after its debut, the price of the company's stock skyrocketed as show in the graph below. Reuters 2008, 'Globus Maritime Limited Receives the 'International IPO of the Year' at the Quoted', Reuters, [Online] Retr

Behavior of Activities of Thymidine Metabolizing Enzymes in Human Article

Behavior of Activities of Thymidine Metabolizing Enzymes in Human Leukemia-Lymphoma Cells - Article Example The studies were conducted with cell cultures obtained from 13 human leukemia-lymphoma cell lines consisting of T- and B-cell lines as well as Non-T- and Non-B- cell lines. The various enzymes were assayed in extracts obtained from cells subjected to rapid freezing and thawing in liquid nitrogen. Activities of the catabolic enzymes were higher by several orders of magnitude compared to the synthetic enzymes in normal cells. However, in all leukemia-lymphoma cells examined, the thymidine degrading enzyme activities were decreased for example, by 5-42% in the case of dihydro thymine dehydrogenase (with the complete absence of DHT DH activity noted in chronic myelogenous leukemia K-562 cells) and up to 38% in the case of TP relative to normal cells. In contrast, the activities of the synthetic enzymes namely, thymidylate synthase and TK were increased significantly by up to 407 times and up to 79 times, respectively of the normal human lymphocytes. Thymidine is utilized by cells both for DNA synthesis and energy production through oxidation to CO2 and water. Therefore, the reduction in the activity of the thymidine degrading enzymes is also important since it would lead to the enhanced availability of the compound for DNA synthesis. Furthermore, the enhanced activities of the thymidine synthesizing enzymes would also contribute to DNA synthesis which is  essential for rapid cell growth and proliferation. A comparison of kinetic properties of the catabolic enzymes, DHT DH and TP in the normal lymphocytes showed that the specific activity of DHT DH was considerably less than that of phosphorylase thereby indicating that DHT DH is the rate-limiting enzyme and, therefore, a better enzyme to evaluate the capacity of human leukemia-lymphoma cells to degrade thymidine. Thymidine kinase (TK) converts thymidine, or deoxythymidine (dT) to the respective monophosphate.  

SOCIOLINGUISTICS- LABOV AND PENELOPE ECKERT Essay

SOCIOLINGUISTICS- LABOV AND PENELOPE ECKERT - Essay Example In developing a greater understanding of these processes of sociolinguistic investigation, this essay examines and compares the methodological assumptions and conclusions within the theorists’ Martha’s Vineyard and Jocks and Burnouts studies. William Labov’s seminal Martha’s Vineyard study incorporates direct linguistic observation with past recorded linguistic accounts to analyze the patterns of linguistic change among the island inhabitants of Martha’s Vineyard, Dukes County, Massachusetts. Labov identifies one of the key benefits of the study being the secluded nature of the island, and notes how this isolation is effective when formulating viable sociolinguistic analysis. While the island is sufficiently secluded, it also â€Å"has enough social and geographic complexity to provide ample room for differentiation of linguistic behavior (Labov 4).† Labov offers a description of the island and which elements of it will be included in the study, disregarding the nearly 42,000 tourists, as their transitory nature excludes them from contributing viable sociolinguistic data to the specific study. As a result of its physical seclusion and conscious resistance to mainland Boston cultural standards, Martha’s Vineyard is understood to have retained significant features of English indicative of pre-1800 New England. Labov argues that the most prominent feature that has been retained â€Å"is the retention of final and preconsonantal /r/. New England short /o/ is still well represented among the older speakers (Labov 7).† However, he indicates that such analysis of static English morphology is not the essential concern, and that instead the study will focus on the sociolinguistic determination of change and linguistic variation throughout the island. In addressing the factors associated with the determination of the study’s linguistic

Micro and Macro Economics Analysis of British Airways Coursework

Micro and Macro Economics Analysis of British Airways - Coursework Example Microeconomic Analysis Some of the demand and supply factors that have affected the profitability of British Airways as a company over the years include economic conditions, competition from other airlines, rise and fall in global oil prices, changes in government policy, and employees’ expenses. Economic conditions include one important demand and supply factor that affects the profitability of British Airways. For example, in the first few years of the new millennium, global recession has hit hard the company’s profitability. Generally, global recession means that the world’s economy is shrinking. A bad economy means that many people will not have a lot of money in their accounts to tour the world and in the process, affecting the company’s demand. This in the long run affects the profits of the company. Competition from other airlines is also a factor that affects the British Airways’ profitability. In the new millennium, the emergence of many lo w-cost airlines has really affected the company’s profitability by reducing the demand. ... When global oil prices rise, the cost of jet fuel, which is a by-product of the refined oil, will also rise. This will lead to a significant rise in the price of air tickets and in the long run, reducing the demand as well as the company’s profits tremendously. The vice-versa happens when the global oil prices fall. Recently, when oil prices rose, knowing that this would affect the company’s profits tremendously, BA executives took part in an illegal act of fixing fuel surcharges. This led to the fining of BA and the executives charged with a criminal act (Thompson and Martin, 2010, p.298) Government policy also affects the company’s profitability. When the government issues travel advisories to some destinations in the world due to terrorist attacks, the number of travelers to those destinations goes down and in the process reduces the company’s profits that would have been made in travels to those destinations. For example, the terrorist attacks on the W orld trade center had the government informing people of how the situation on the ground was and in the process, the number of travelers reduced tremendously bringing down the company’s profits. Employees’ expense is another factor that affects British Airways profitability. It forms a big part of the company’s costs which are later passed down to the travelers and which affects demand. For example, in 2002 when the British Airways was restructuring its business operations, it had to have 13,000 job cuts. This job cuts were an attempt by the company to cut its costs by 650 million pounds. This showed how employee expenses as a factor has a big impact on the company’s profitability (Young, 2007, p.42) Â   Â   The market structure in which the chosen company operates in is a

FashionABLE company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FashionABLE company - Case Study Example The paper "FashionABLE company" explores FashionABLE company. To increase its sales, the company may consider a range of strategies. One unique technique the company may apply is the ‘trunk show.’ A trunk show is an event of sales where products are presented or shown to the staff or select clients. The survey by Stella and Dot shows that the majority prefer in-store shopping. It is because it gives them the chance to see the products and make order requests as they wait for the seller to make and convey them. They are in a position to view or buy the goods before they are supplied in the market. The survey also reveals how the trunk show can be successfully implemented to increase sales. Many also said they would be interested in hosting such events if they get the opportunity. Targeting past FashionABLE clients will thus be effective since the former will be more committed to involvement in the trade. Through the trunk shows clients will be shown a video and photos to inform customers of the company’s mission. It will efficiently draw a connection between the company and its consumers. The quantified results of the trunk show reveal that the target market will be wider, since the target age will increase from (25-34) years to (19-55) years. Costs will include; client outreach, promotional video, advertising, trunk show information kit and other expenses. In the trunk show investment, every investment is temporary, apart from the kits. From FashionABLE income statement as at 31st December.

SOCIOLINGUISTICS- LABOV AND PENELOPE ECKERT Essay

SOCIOLINGUISTICS- LABOV AND PENELOPE ECKERT - Essay Example In developing a greater understanding of these processes of sociolinguistic investigation, this essay examines and compares the methodological assumptions and conclusions within the theorists’ Martha’s Vineyard and Jocks and Burnouts studies. William Labov’s seminal Martha’s Vineyard study incorporates direct linguistic observation with past recorded linguistic accounts to analyze the patterns of linguistic change among the island inhabitants of Martha’s Vineyard, Dukes County, Massachusetts. Labov identifies one of the key benefits of the study being the secluded nature of the island, and notes how this isolation is effective when formulating viable sociolinguistic analysis. While the island is sufficiently secluded, it also â€Å"has enough social and geographic complexity to provide ample room for differentiation of linguistic behavior (Labov 4).† Labov offers a description of the island and which elements of it will be included in the study, disregarding the nearly 42,000 tourists, as their transitory nature excludes them from contributing viable sociolinguistic data to the specific study. As a result of its physical seclusion and conscious resistance to mainland Boston cultural standards, Martha’s Vineyard is understood to have retained significant features of English indicative of pre-1800 New England. Labov argues that the most prominent feature that has been retained â€Å"is the retention of final and preconsonantal /r/. New England short /o/ is still well represented among the older speakers (Labov 7).† However, he indicates that such analysis of static English morphology is not the essential concern, and that instead the study will focus on the sociolinguistic determination of change and linguistic variation throughout the island. In addressing the factors associated with the determination of the study’s linguistic

FashionABLE company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FashionABLE company - Case Study Example The paper "FashionABLE company" explores FashionABLE company. To increase its sales, the company may consider a range of strategies. One unique technique the company may apply is the ‘trunk show.’ A trunk show is an event of sales where products are presented or shown to the staff or select clients. The survey by Stella and Dot shows that the majority prefer in-store shopping. It is because it gives them the chance to see the products and make order requests as they wait for the seller to make and convey them. They are in a position to view or buy the goods before they are supplied in the market. The survey also reveals how the trunk show can be successfully implemented to increase sales. Many also said they would be interested in hosting such events if they get the opportunity. Targeting past FashionABLE clients will thus be effective since the former will be more committed to involvement in the trade. Through the trunk shows clients will be shown a video and photos to inform customers of the company’s mission. It will efficiently draw a connection between the company and its consumers. The quantified results of the trunk show reveal that the target market will be wider, since the target age will increase from (25-34) years to (19-55) years. Costs will include; client outreach, promotional video, advertising, trunk show information kit and other expenses. In the trunk show investment, every investment is temporary, apart from the kits. From FashionABLE income statement as at 31st December.

Potluck Essay Example for Free

Potluck Essay The meaning of Doublespeak in Lutz opinion The essay Doublespeak specifically dives into the significance of the idea. The author does not hold back, but early on defines the general meaning of Doublespeak. The authors introduction is the explanation of doublespeak in general context. He lets the reader know beforehand about many tangents in double speak. He mentions four types of doublespeak which are euphemism, Jargon, gobblygook, and complex language. From these sub groups of double speak, he further explains detail of such doublespeak and its effect to the public. In essence, the effect of the author is to nform the audience precisely about doublespeak in many angles. He does not take a strong stance on his argument, but he does let his audience know that double speak is an effective rhetoric to use in certain circumstances. The idea of euphemism is to sugar coat an instance. This can be used by simple diction or a whole statement. It is up to the writer to choose his/her method. Lutz leaves the choice to the audience, but provides certain examples to let the audience be informed with the affect of euphemism in a statement. In essence, he provides short and precise examples by omparing a straightforward statement with a doublespeak statement. He informs the reader that euphemism is a rhetoric that creates vagueness in a blunt statement. In my opinion, Lutz did a fine Job. The omission of any statements will leave the essay vague and blank, in a sense. Secondly, Lutz explains and defines Jargon to be a prestigious type language to impress and inform an audience. Many of the high class workers use this rhetoric in their professions to make a good impression. In essence, a Jargon can be used in a hospital, court, or any other professional environment. Lutz rovides the reader with positives and negatives regarding this rhetoric. He informs his reader to be well aware of using such rhetoric. The examples provided are precise and clear cut. In essence, he gets his point through. Adding on, gobblygook is a certain doublespeak that is similar to a Jargon, but way out of proportion with its complexity. Lutz lets the reader know to use this language in specific rhetorical situations. He informs the audience that gobblygook is a type of rhetoric that is used impress a bunch of ignorant audience, or to impress an educated group of audience hom will actually understand the meaning of such words. Besides that, it is not proper to use in personal conversations unless youre Einstein. Lutz efficiently explains this idea by providing examples to the audience. Furthermore, complex language is a type of rhetoric that is considered moderate compared to gobblygook. Its not out of proportion, but can stray away the audience if used too much. In oral arguments it is not functional. If used in papers, it can work, but if used too much, it can confuse the reader. Lutz explains the moderation of this rhetoric compared to Jargon and gobblygook. In essence, Lutz does a fine Job explaining the definitions of double speak in all angles. He gives the audience a general definition and provides general examples to prepare the audience for the lesson. He divides the four main definitions and gives sub examples for each definition. In addition he connects each definition back and forth providing the audience will clarification on his topic. He classifies his work in a general topic, then provides examples, and ultimately connects it to the overall meaning of doublespeak. In essence, he does an effective Job explaining the audience the general idea of doublespeak.

Benefits of Oral Presentations

Benefits of Oral Presentations Mention two different situations (imaginary) when oral presentations are more effective than written, reasoning why presentations. Explain the various principles for successful business presentations orally. Two situations where oral communication is better than written communication: The first is when a seller is trying to sell products to a potential customer. Here, direct selling is. Direct selling is the marketing and selling products directly to consumers away from a fixed retail place, going home, staying places. Modern direct selling includes sales made through the party plan, one-on-one demonstrations and other forms of personal touch as well. An exact definition would be: The direct personal presentation, demonstration and sale of services merchandises and consumers, usually in their homes or their jobs. Why oral communication is preferred instead of written communication here? Consumers and sellers take advantage of oral communication when it comes to selling because of the convenience and service it provides, including Personal demonstration. Explanation of products. Home delivery. Generous guarantees satisfaction. Clarification of doubts/remedies on the product in the minds of customers. Possible Persuasion. Negotiation can. Second meeting is where you have to make a point to everyone present at the meeting, and take their views on the subject. Oral communication occurs in meetings where participants share their ideas. Organizers of the meeting clearly define their effective goal, as if the purpose of the meeting is to make a decision, brainstorm ideas, approve a plan to provide a change or get a status report. At the beginning of the meeting organizer uses oral indicating priorities of the meeting communication, expected results and the time allotted to discuss each topic. Requesting additional input from participants, he/she ensures the meeting remains relevant to everyone. The organizer of the meeting also ensures that each participant gets a chance to speak without monopolizing the agenda. Different principles to ensure the success of oral business presentations Do not design a static model; instead of designing a static. Plan the design of your presentation to be vibrant and alive as you interact w ith your audienceDynamic means strength, living movement. Complete or static means defined Do not plan what you will say to your last word, and to present what has already been said in the study. Ensure that your plan is clear and simple. Make sure your main ideas are clear in concept and formulation. Writing the basic idea of your tax statement and division for the listener make a difference in the way you write. What you write may look good on paper. But read the statements aloud and check. †¢ How they ring you? †¢ Are they readily understandable? †¢ Is there a rhythm and symmetry in the text? †¢ Would it create doubts in the mind of the receiver or not? correct weightage. Written notes can be deceiving when you write a word or two to indicate a long illustration, argument, or application. The amount of weight you give to An Individual section will depend on the time you spend with her. Be sure to focus your design time, careful planning, while remaining flexible. Emphasize main ideas of repetition and placement. Remember that the public might say a statement is a main idea, by the way you say or present. They cannot see bold or underlined characters in what you say. Put your tax division noticeable positions: first and last in a section. Everything you say first and the last is always remembered. As you repeat your division statements in the same terms, the listener will understand its meaning. Also, make it your habit to announce and number them, using your keywords. Use phrased transitions carefully as you move into your presentation.. If you start with a usual analogy, make argument clear regarding your idea presented. This will provide a smooth tr ansition in your next section. Shot of the transition from need section, then the introduction text. Use connecting sentences and let the transitional sentence, with the keyword public in steer your the partitions. Wrap each section or division said, with a restatement of the previous agenda and introduction of Next Idea. Plan a combination of inductive and deductive movement significantly. Remember that the inductive thought begins with specifics. Lead the by talking presentation of something that is already acquainted to the public; that is parallel to your subject and gets their notice. From here you will be able to move to the main idea of the presentation. The movement should be structured General Specific To. Use deductive movement when you give the statementand detachment and move to essentials. Use language that is best suited to the ear, not the eye.. Choose phrases that can be easily understood indelivering. You only get one of say something chance to. Even if you repeat the main ideas, keep them simple and straightforward. Avoid terminology that is beyond comprehension. Do public not to assume that people know what you are talking about historical references. Explain. Do not use technical theological terms without or before defining them. Use peoples talk, but no grammar or pronunciation Make your introductory sections are carefully planned.. Introduction is as important as what you do to communicate effectively. There are five purposes for the establishment To capture the awarenessof the listener; To initiate interest about you; To commence your subject; To establishthe text; and in order to make the body an effortless transition your presentation. Each of these objectives calls for a well thought out plan. The introduction is very important because it is the beginning. If you do not have to get a good start with genuine communication touch, you can never achieve it. Ensure your concluding/closing section is carefully planned.. What we call the general conclusion is as important as the intro. Conclusion steps include visualization and action. This is the section where you return to your basic idea. For the visualization step, use illustrations and applications to paint a picture of the BASIC idea in the minds of listeners. Step Action provides the specific changes that are needed to implement the basic idea. This step tips into a time of reflection, or invites the listener to reply to the message/presentation. presentation design bearing in mind, from the viewpoint of public. Trying to get beyond the narrow focus on your hardware and how to organize it must be one of your important basis when designing your presentation. Think about your audience audience. Bear in mind what the matter already knows, how are acquainted they terminology, how their views match yours, and how they are committed to the existing attitudes and beliefs. The best communicators are those who recognize their listeners and message regulate their order to reach them where they are. Who will be there? How do they think? What do they include? What do they need to KNOW? If you do not communicate your equipment effectively, it is of no value to your listener. Understand your nervousness. 3 out of 4 say they feel nervous about public speaking. Its like getting up for a sports competition: you want to do well you have prepared and you are ready to go! Your performance is important, but it is not the main thing. The main thing is to share your message ideas, feelings and information. Its learn together. No one expects perfection. If you mess something, fix and continue. Your audience is your partner: they want to learn from you; they want you to succeed. Some nervousness is a good thing. Increased activation can enhance your presentation, improve alertness and animation, and strengthen public engagement. Use relaxation techniques if you think youre too wound. Before your presentation, sit quietly, focus on letting up the tension in your body, breathe deeply from the abdomen (a count of 4, hold for 4, for a number of 4). Do this for several cycles with n ormal breaths you do not have hyperventilation. Smile. It is a mood elevator. clear pronunciation. So that significant oral messages of receivers, the words must be clearly and correctly pronounced. It should not be a lack of clarity or communication will be a source of confusion. Brevity. Oral communication is that the message should be brief. If the sender has taken a long time to talk, his message may not attract the attention of the receiver. logical sequence. The ideas should be organized sequentially to make the communication message and attractive. Unorganized ideas do not provide clear direction, while logical sequence of ideas gives a clear meaning. courteous. Courtesy costs nothing but can save a lot. Thus, a speaker must be courteous, while addressing the audience. It helps to create a good impression in the minds of listeners for the speaker. Avoid emotions. The President must control his emotions to make effective oral communication. Too much emotion will be the speaker away from the main subject. Control Gesticulation. President repeatedly, consciously or unconsciously, gesticulating to express ideas or thoughts. It is a habit and should be avoided. Otherwise, the application of this habit can cause disinterest of the public. In addition, objective information, the ability of the listener, interesting language, and the correct flow must also be considered the principles of oral communication.

Transaction Cost Economics and Organized Labor Essays -- Economics Mar

Cooperation and exchange among individuals often organize in firms rather than adhering to market institutions. This anomaly of market systems can be explained through what Oliver Williamson calls â€Å"Transaction Cost Economics.† Transaction costs are defined as the â€Å"costs of running the economic system† (Williamson 18). Similar to friction in a physical system, transaction costs may be small compared to other costs such encountered by market players, but basing entire models on a ‘frictionless’ system is unrealistic. It is these transaction costs explain the development of firms and hierarchies rather than contracting by market forces. There are three limitations to a market system: bounded rationality, opportunism and asset specificity. Bounded rationality describes the limitations of knowledge by market players. Whereas they will act rationally in a market situation, they are not always presented with all the information required to make a rational decision. Opportunism arises when certain market players are unwilling to accept the status quo and believe they have the ability to improve their position. Finally, asset specificity refers to certain players having technical and contractual inseparabilites. An example of asset specificity is an accounting firm with a long term contract with a given company. After the long term contract expires, the accounting firm would be first in line to renew their contract with the given company. There may be other accounting firms in the market that could also offer similar accounting services, but the company will likely keep its original accounting firm. Switching wo uld incur transaction costs such as transferring of files over to the new accounting firm, legal fees associate... ... asset specificity can no longer be ignored as in classic market models. A highly trained employee is a very specific asset since a firm would incur great costs in training a novice employee and bringing the novice’s productivity up to that of a highly trained employee. Thus, a firm could not easily replace the highly trained employee as the case would be in a market situation. Thus non market contracts are forged to keep the specific asset that is high human capital. Williamson and Coase use transaction cost economics to explain why labor is often organized in firms rather than relying on market institutions. The increasing effect of asset specificity on the labor market is a key validation for their analysis. Firms are more efficient than market institutions in that they save on transaction costs associated with writing, signing and enforcing contracts.

America as an Empire :: essays research papers

America as Empire: Global Leader or Rogue Power? Jim Garrison   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jim Garrison’s book addresses a poignant theme faced by American culture today. Garrison explains that America must tread carefully in the present as to avoid crossing the fine line of acting as a â€Å"global leader† and acting as a â€Å"rogue power.† To begin with, I found it necessary to look up the word ‘rogue,’ which dictionary.com defines as â€Å"vicious and solitary,† clearly a negative term. This being established, Garrison is attempting to address what it is that would make a country appear to be overbearing, overly aggressive and power hungry rather than as a respected, admired superpower.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Contrary to my belief upon picking up the book, Garrison quickly enlightened me to the other option. I had never thought of America as a â€Å"rogue power.† However, after giving it a few thoughts, and having Garrison’s input on the matter, it seems quite apparent that America has in fact become a rogue power. America, which was once seen as a picture-perfect place where dreams could be achieved and freedom be found, has indeed become a dominant solo power. It is the unmatched superpower of the world, unmatched by any foreign nation since the collapse of the Soviet Union. However, I found it quite strange to see in such black and white print, an assertion of America as a ruthless master in commander. Though the charm of living in America is that we have the ability and the freedom to criticize whatever we feel, it is rare for me to encounter an American with such a seemingly un-American point of view. Never the less is was quite informative. I also agree with Garrison that the principles and practices upon which America was founded 225 years ago have drastically changed. Garrison stated that America â€Å"used to represent freedom. It now represents power.† After reading that, I was forced to take a step back and really consider that statement. To my own dismay I could not think of any grounds to disprove this statement. I found it quite disheartening to suddenly realize that America had in all essences of the word, had come to define the word â€Å"power.† Garrison examines what makes a nation considered to be a republic, verses what makes a nation considered to be a republic. If a republic implies a democratically run single nation, then that term cannot completely apply to America. America as an Empire :: essays research papers America as Empire: Global Leader or Rogue Power? Jim Garrison   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jim Garrison’s book addresses a poignant theme faced by American culture today. Garrison explains that America must tread carefully in the present as to avoid crossing the fine line of acting as a â€Å"global leader† and acting as a â€Å"rogue power.† To begin with, I found it necessary to look up the word ‘rogue,’ which dictionary.com defines as â€Å"vicious and solitary,† clearly a negative term. This being established, Garrison is attempting to address what it is that would make a country appear to be overbearing, overly aggressive and power hungry rather than as a respected, admired superpower.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Contrary to my belief upon picking up the book, Garrison quickly enlightened me to the other option. I had never thought of America as a â€Å"rogue power.† However, after giving it a few thoughts, and having Garrison’s input on the matter, it seems quite apparent that America has in fact become a rogue power. America, which was once seen as a picture-perfect place where dreams could be achieved and freedom be found, has indeed become a dominant solo power. It is the unmatched superpower of the world, unmatched by any foreign nation since the collapse of the Soviet Union. However, I found it quite strange to see in such black and white print, an assertion of America as a ruthless master in commander. Though the charm of living in America is that we have the ability and the freedom to criticize whatever we feel, it is rare for me to encounter an American with such a seemingly un-American point of view. Never the less is was quite informative. I also agree with Garrison that the principles and practices upon which America was founded 225 years ago have drastically changed. Garrison stated that America â€Å"used to represent freedom. It now represents power.† After reading that, I was forced to take a step back and really consider that statement. To my own dismay I could not think of any grounds to disprove this statement. I found it quite disheartening to suddenly realize that America had in all essences of the word, had come to define the word â€Å"power.† Garrison examines what makes a nation considered to be a republic, verses what makes a nation considered to be a republic. If a republic implies a democratically run single nation, then that term cannot completely apply to America.

Difficult Teachers: Recent Development on how they can be dealt with

Competition as a factor plays an important role in shaping up nearly all sectors in the present operational environment. Competition is rife in all sectors and education is swimming within these tides. Success of the teaching staff is largely guided by results and having even two ineffective teachers could lead to a bad name to a principal and his administration (Brock, & Grady, 2003). Inefficiency of the teaching staff can lead to loss of accountability and even place a school at risk of losing its reputation or failing to develop any.Like in the result oriented business world the ability of the teaching staff to set standards of peak performance or be close to the top performers is important in ensuring that parents and hard working teachers remain motivated and always seeks the best for students. Such levels of motivation are bound to trickle down to students and the result may be improvement in the levels of performance and development of a culture of success (Hopkins, 2009).It i s thus upon administrators especially principals and head of department to ensure they develop creative, humane, supportive, tough and timely approaches to deal with teachers who are not performing for one reason or the other. This is further complicated if the teachers being referred to are difficult to deal with. Appreciation of the Problem In practical teaching, many principals confess of having dealt with difficult teachers in more than one occasion. It is generally believed that each institution has what can be referred to as troubled teacher (Hopkins, 2009).The fact that the teachers are difficult to deal with must not be assumed to be directly correlated to their performance. In some cases the best teachers can prove to be hard to deal with which presents a larger problem considering the impact they could have on a school if they were to quit or their problem addressed badly. It is generally true that troubled, exhausted and even confused teachers have multiple negative impac ts on morale and school environment.Such troubled teachers have the ability to single handedly break the team spirit that is critical to staff success which results in fragmentation that is a breeding ground to failure in issues relating to school improvement initiatives. Difficult teachers have been termed by some researchers as a proverbial elephant in the staff. All in the staff are often aware of the existence of such a character but none is willing to confront for the fear of losing or what most refer to as being ‘trampled'.Many low performing and even high performing (based on result) institutions are overrun by such teachers who appear to be operating within their own code. It has been observed that some principals are even scared of such troubled teachers and though they are aware of their existence they do little to address the situation (Wilmore, 2007). The reality is that ignoring the existence of such teacher does little to address the situation which is let to man ifest within the teaching environment and with time the negative effects may even be observed in the levels of performance that can be attained by a staff (Brock, & Grady, 2003).Failure in performance may not only result to the ousting of a principal but also affect the lives of students who may have had better futures had it not been for the failure of the administrators in addressing difficult teachers. Principals must be appreciative of the fact that their roles as leaders is worth the risk because the goals seek more than material gain or advancement. This should also involve appreciation of the fact that the lives of the people within the school community and even outside the school community thus the society is dependent on the school system to provide meaning and purpose.This appreciation must be reinforced by personal assessment of the administrators to determine if they have the ability to effectively handle difficult teachers. Principals as managers and leaders have the ro le to ensure that the school community is motivated by dealing with the challenges to high levels of motivation and ensuring that impediment or threats to achievement of educational goals are addressed (Brock, & Grady, 2003). Administrators have the ability to misjudge a straight or good teacher for a trouble maker. This is especially true for administrators who are still getting the feel of being in a new environment.Depending on the existing administration for support is cited as a possible avenue to ensuring that new administrators get a feel of the environment and therefore develop objective assessment of the staff including their own ability to effectively manage the challenges presented by the environment they are in (Wilmore, 2007). Difficult teachers can come in hordes or could be unique in a staff that is highly cooperative. Even in a dysfunctional school community, there are teachers who are considered difficult. Researchers have come up with values that they view as being important in dealing with difficult teacher in varied conditions.The values that must be inherent of administrators can be developed and play a role in ensuring that difficult teachers are dealt with in both functional and dysfunctional environments. Assertive administration is cited as one of the critical success factors in dealing with difficult teachers. The term difficult in difficult teachers is not out of their knowledge of martial arts or spiritual ability rather is assertiveness that manifests negatively. The level of assertiveness that such teachers display has been cited by some as being manifested in difficult to deal with but successful teachers in class.Disregard for the existing systems and rule on a regular basis that defines difficult teachers is a manifestation of a negatively developed assertive nature (Brock, & Grady, 2003). It is only an assertive administrator that can effectively manage such a teacher and even reform his ways into those accepted within the est ablished systems. Character building is an important quality that administrators should possess if they are to effectively deal with difficult teachers. Character building is the ability to mould the perception and thereafter actions of a teacher in a manner that leads to their entry or fit into an existing set of values.Character affects perception and therefore actions and should thus be developed in a manner that is positive if the actions are to lead to generation of value to both students and other teaching staff (Wilmore, 2007). Many researchers have come up with findings that blame the behavior of difficult teacher on the nature of their cognition. Such difficult teachers display their negative character irrespective of the nature of administration thus addressing the character issues appear to be the best approach to dealing with difficult teachers.Communication is considered one of the important tools that managers and leaders have in ensuring that goals are transmitted thr ough out a system and people are motivated towards achieving set goals. Under constrained teaching environment, teachers may take on repulsive behavior to gaining the attention of the administration to issues that may be affecting their efficiency in teaching. While a negative teaching environment is not a precondition for difficult teachers it is a possible cause of negative teachers (Wilmore, 2007).Communication is an avenue through which the nature of difficult teachers can be discerned and it is only from this understanding that suitable intervention measures should be developed. Administrators must study and personalize the art of affective communication if difficult teachers are not to arise from a teaching environment and to also ensure a proper understanding of the negative teaching behavior. Developing a positive school culture has come up as one of the critical success factors in reducing the prevalence of difficult teaching.Poorly performing schools have been recorded as being a breeding ground for difficult teachers (Whitaker, 2002). A poor school culture develops a negative picture of what is expected of a teacher and develops a breeding ground for negative perception and energy that could result in difficult teachers. Some researchers have tried to develop a theory in a bid of have a clear image of difficult teacher formulation in an environment which postulate that a negative culture direct the otherwise positive energy that could have been channeled into positive development to poor interaction with students and other members of staff (Wilmore, 2007).The role of developing a positive culture has been studied in business and involves interaction with positive people and promotion of positive norms and values. The role of managers and leaders is prominent in this phase and could be the defining factor between failure and success. Contribution of the administrators to teaching and addressing issues that teachers and students are faced with plays a n important role in ensuring that administrators are appreciated as part of the school systems.By contributing to issues relating to staff development administrators are placed in a position where they can effectively monitor events within their environment (Whitaker, 2002). This is in line with proactive approaches to issues where reporting systems are a formal or documentation systems and not an avenue through which leaders gain insight of problems. By actively contributing to the school community and being at the fore in addressing issues, administrators are put in a position where they can be effective in ensuring overall school development.Conducting assertive interventions and timeliness are the other important values that administrators must display to be able to effectively manage difficult teachers. It is generally believed that the most effective way to deal with students is addressing the teachers. A school in its basic definition takes on a hierarchical structure was the teachers act as a bridge between students and the administration (Whitaker, 2002). Assertive intervention systems are important in ensuring that other teachers whom are often aware of the existence of a problem become informed of strategies that are being taken to address them.Timeliness is a value that is of critical importance in minimizing the negative effects of difficult teachers in a school community. Procrastination has been cited as one of the avenues through which administrators let negative effects of difficult teachers affect existing systems with negative repercussion (Whitaker, 2002). Addressing procrastination is therefore a critical success factor and can only be attained if timeliness as a factor is ingrained within systems seeking solutions. Manifestation of Difficult TeachingThe ability to identify problematic teacher is important in ensuring that the effect that he has on other members of the teachings staff are mitigated. Difficult teachers come in different for ms according to a recent survey that seeks to develop a clear understanding of difficult teachers (Whitaker, 2002). Understanding the exact manifestation of difficult behavior in teachers and interaction with other staff members and administration is important in devising strategy that can be used in dealing with threats that they pose.Complaining and negative teachers have been cited as the most difficult to deal with. It is advisable that such teachers be directly and confidentially addressed (Waterman, & Waterman, 2006). Ensuring that teachers are aware of the effects that their behavior has on existing system and achievement of the educational goals and presenting a platform for them to raise issues that may be affecting them in a confidential manner is important in ensuring the interventions do not manifest negatively. Research shows that some principals however choose to ignore the negative comments from difficult teachers.Though success of the interaction in such a case is de pendent on the degree with which the administrators can focus on positive staff members, ignoring the negative staff members is misplaced and could be counter-productive. Stating expectations and offering assistance have for a long time been considered vital steps in dealing with difficult teacher; however, the change in environment and the need for leaders and managers to be proactively involved in day to day running of their systems has led to increased requirement on administrators (Whitaker, 2002).Noise makers and anarchist are considered the second most common characteristic of difficult teachers. Directly addressing their behavior groups is considered the first step to addressing issues they may be faced with. Stating what is expected of them including policies, behavior and expectation while monitoring progress are also considered success factors (McEwan, 2005). Research shows that if the initial intervention framework fails in developing observable change in the teachers pla cing them on an improvement plan is considered the next phase by many.In most cases, the intervention system for these behavior group end with a teacher being asked to leave a faculty after all measures fail in developing positive behavior change. Difficult teachers can also be defined by high propensity to gossip. While gossip may be considered a form of communication in any social setting if it continues to grow it could prove difficult for administrators to replace it with the truth. A factor that is widely appreciated as being a stumbling block to effectively addressing issues that an organization is faced with is gossip which affects the level of efficiency that can be attained in communication.Administrators must ensure that such members of staff are made aware of the negative effects that gossip could have to the attainment of school goals. Most leadership experts point to the fact that openly showing disgust and disapproval of gossip could lead to positive results (McEwan, 2 005). Institutions that are aware of the negative effects that continual gossips has on communication efficiency have in the past asked difficult teachers to consider leaving a faculty if they could not deal with their love for gossiping.Backstabbers are another problem group where the direct approach is cited as being most effective. In fact a more direct approach than in all other cases has to be used in confronting culprits with questions on the why, what, where and when regarding a case. Depending on the magnitude of a case the intervention systems may either involve letting the culprit be aware of the fact that his actions have been brought into light and citing insubordination which may also involve restating expectation of behavior and initiation of an improvement plan (McEwan, 2005).Research shows that most principals are aware of the existence of such backstabber but consider their actions less influential on attainment of goals. Backstabbing is viewed by principals as diff ering opinions rather than lack of appreciation of the input of other members. This is a negative perception that is reflective of the differences that exist between practice and research. Discussion There appears to be a wide appreciation of the extent of difficult teachers. Researchers have tried to dissect the problem from different dimensions to ensure that its emergence, manifestation and even approaches to its management are well understood.Behavior development; nature of experiences that a teacher has undergone; the nature of the operational environment and objectives of the teachers are factors cited as being vital in defining the extent and effect of difficult teachers. There is no doubt on the effects that such teachers could have on the levels of morale and even attainment of administrative goals. One of the most important developments in recent research is an effort to develop a clear understanding of the different behavior groups and how each group can be addressed.Dire ct measures and restatement of the vision have been stated as being vital in ensuring effective management of different cases. The role of the administrators and the critical success values are applicable in the measures that have been developed for different behavior groups. It is apparent that there is little that can be done by researchers to address individual cases however administrators can pick from the general guidelines that have been developed to come up with measures in management and leadership that can ensure difficult teachers are dealt with in a manner that leads to professional development.Critical review of success factors and steps involved in mitigating and addressing specific behavior problems points to the fact that effective leadership and management are important in identification and address of difficult teachers as a key problem in achievement of schooling goals. The art and science aspect of management have to be reinforced with appreciation of the potentia l effect that problem teachers have on attainment of a school's objectives and facilitation of communication and transmission of positive values in attaining efficiency.There is no doubt on the role played by innovation, creativity, skills, experience, coordination and overall strategic management in ensuring difficult teachers are managed and their effects addressed. Conclusion Difficult teachers have the potential of disrupt learning and lead to loss of morale in the teaching staff. Understanding the teachers which involve ensuring high levels of interaction with them and application of strategic management principles in addressing the challenge they present have widely been discussed by researchers.There however appears to be a gap between research and practice in that some principals and administrators despite the effects that difficult teachers have on attainment of school goals ignore their existence. Researches on how this appreciation can be developed are lacking and are one of the key areas that have to be addressed if the current state of research is to be helpful to practicing administrators. Little has been done with regards to difficult administrators who may in fact pose a greater threat to attainment of schooling goals.A further understanding of the cause of difficult behaviors among teachers must be developed to create a good platform for administrators to base their interventions. In a nutshell, the current researches provide a suitable platform for definition of strategic directions that can be taken in addressing difficult teachers; it is however upon administrators and the entire school community to develop specific approaches that are relevant to their cases which differ different owing to different values and expectations that characterize schools.

Bell Hooks Views Higher Education is Important

The United States provides our society with the undeniable right to learn. The right to higher education is not limited to the middle and upper classes; it allows the less privileged, minorities, as well as both sexes, to receive an equal education. Two arguments which present interesting views on higher education are bell hook†s â€Å"Keeping Close to Home† and Adrienne Rich†s â€Å"What Does a Woman Need to Know? † Hooks views higher education with a concern for the underprivileged, whereas Rich views it with a concern for women. Of the two works, I personally do not agree with Rich†s argument. Bell hooks views higher education to be a time in which we find ourselves and learn more about who we are. This concept remains difficult on the underprivileged because they do not want to be known for their background. They see themselves as less privileged, and therefore want to keep this hidden from their new society. These students face many obstacles in their lives; college presents a whole new and much larger challenge. The transition is also hard on them. They want to fit in and hide their past, but at the same time, they do not want to lose sight of their upbringings. Hooks felt that she was an outsider in college, because she herself came from an underprivileged background, while most of her peers came from privileged backgrounds. Hooks states, â€Å"I did not intend to forget my class background or alter my class allegiance†(88), but she felt that in order to succeed, she must change who she was. Society, peers, and educators make assumptions that label the underprivileged and minorities as † ‘lower class† people† who have â€Å"no beliefs or values†(88). Professors expect these students to perform badly because of their past and their reputation in today†s society. The students are not given the fair chance other students receive. Knowing the way society portrays them, the students keep to themselves. Even after they prove to be serious and capable students, they are still looked down upon. Hooks, at first, thought that in order to succeed in college, she must change who she was, to blend in with her peers. She said many â€Å"believe that assimilation is the only possible way to survive, to succeed. (89). After going through the transition and facing these obstacles herself, hooks came to the conclusion that this was not the case. She has maintained close ties with her family, knows where she came from, and has succeeded in life. Hook†s essay tells us that you can maintain close relationships with home and still succeed. Not only are the underprivileged discriminated against, but women are too. One extreme feminist side, Adrienne Rich claims that women are not getting what they deserve when it comes to higher education. Rich states, â€Å"There is no woman†s college today which is providing young women with the education they need for survival as whole persons in a world which denies women wholeness†(45). This, of course, is all due to male dominance. Rich believes women are outsiders in man†s world. She wants women to keep their outsider†s view and not think like men when they are placed in a prominent position. The sense of male supremacy discourages women from performing at an equal level. This goes along with the idea that â€Å"feminist studies are ‘unscholarly,† ‘biased,† and ‘ideological†Ã¢â‚¬ (46). Rich claims that the education women are receiving is leaving them powerless and vulnerable. She believes â€Å"that without such an education, women have lived and will continue to live in ignorance of our collective context†(45). Because of male dominance over women†s education, the chance for women to be educated the way women should be educated is one that Rich believes does not exist. Because of Adrienne Rich†s extreme views and harsh tone towards men, I disagree with her view on higher education. Just as Rich, I do believe that women have the right to an education. Men do not have a hidden agenda to keep women powerless in the world as Rich implies. Despite the fact that this argument was given almost twenty years ago when women†s rights were a controversy, her view of women, even then, is a bit demeaning. Her comment that motherhood deprives women of their power is ridiculous. Clearly, bell hook†s â€Å"Keeping Close to Home† and Adrienne Rich†s â€Å"What Does a Woman Need to Know? display a view of higher education in which people are being discriminated against. The underprivileged, as well as women, continue to be taken advantage of in our society. The right to higher education is given to all persons – rich or poor, black or white, man or woman. Some fail to realize the importance of higher education as a step in the right direction. This opportunity is one that should and can be taken advantage of by everyone who wants badly enough to achieve success and lead a successful life.